Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder where blood glucose levels remain elevated due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Classification

• Type 1 Diabetes – Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells.
• Type 2 Diabetes – Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.
• Gestational Diabetes – Occurs during pregnancy.
• MODY – Genetic diabetes occurring in young adults.
• Type 5 Diabetes – Associated with chronic pancreatic damage.

Symptoms

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Causes

• Autoimmune disease
• Obesity
• Genetic mutations

Optimum Investigation Levels

• Fasting glucose: <100 mg/dL
• HbA1c: <5.7%

Treatment

• Lifestyle changes
• Oral medications
• Insulin therapy

When to See Doctor

• Persistent high blood sugar
• Unexplained weight loss

Thyroid disorders affect hormone production controlling metabolism.

Classification

• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thyroid nodules
• Thyroid cancer

Symptoms

• Weight changes
• Hair loss
• Heat or cold intolerance

Causes

• Autoimmune diseases
• Iodine deficiency
• Tumors

Optimum Investigation Levels

• TSH: 0.4 – 4.0 mIU/L
• Free T4: Normal lab range

Treatment

• Hormone replacement
• Anti-thyroid drugs
• Surgery

When to See Doctor

• Persistent fatigue
• Neck swelling

Obesity is excessive body fat that increases risk of metabolic diseases.

Classification

• Class I: BMI 30–34.9
• Class II: BMI 35–39.9
• Class III: BMI ≥40

Symptoms

• Weight gain
• Breathlessness

Causes

• Genetics
• Poor lifestyle
• Hormonal disorders

Optimum Investigation Levels

• BMI: 18.5 – 24.9
• Waist circumference <90 cm men, <80 cm women

Treatment

• Diet modification
• Exercise
• Medications
• Bariatric surgery

When to See Doctor

• Rapid weight gain
• Associated diabetes or hypertension

Pituitary gland controls multiple hormonal systems.

Classification

• Hormone excess (Acromegaly, Cushing disease)
• Hormone deficiency
• Pituitary tumors

Symptoms

• Vision changes
• Abnormal growth

Causes

• Tumors
• Genetic defects

Optimum Investigation

• Hormonal panels
• MRI brain

Treatment

• Medication
• Surgery
• Radiotherapy

When to See Doctor

• Headaches with vision loss
• Growth abnormalities

Adrenal glands produce stress hormones.

Classification

• Cushing syndrome
• Addison disease
• Adrenal tumors

Symptoms

• Fatigue
• Weight changes
• Blood pressure abnormalities

Optimum Investigation

• Cortisol levels
• ACTH levels

Treatment

• Hormone replacement
• Surgery

When to See Doctor

• Uncontrolled blood pressure
• Chronic fatigue

These disorders affect bone strength and calcium regulation.

Classification

• Osteoporosis
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Vitamin D deficiency

Symptoms

• Bone fractures
• Back pain

Optimum Investigation

• Bone density T score: > -1 Normal
• Serum Calcium: 8.6 – 10.2 mg/dL

Treatment

• Calcium & Vitamin D
• Bone strengthening drugs

When to See Doctor

• Fragility fractures
• Chronic bone pain

Growth and puberty disorders affect height development and sexual maturation.

Classification

• Short stature
• Tall stature
• Delayed puberty
• Precocious puberty

Symptoms

• Abnormal height pattern
• Delayed sexual characteristics

Treatment

• Hormone therapy
• Underlying disease management

When to See Doctor

• No puberty by age 13 girls / 14 boys
• Poor height gain

Hormonal imbalances can cause menstrual irregularities and androgen excess.

Classification

• PCOS
• Premature menopause
• Menstrual irregularities

Symptoms

• Irregular periods
• Excess facial hair
• Hot flashes

Treatment

• Hormonal therapy
• Lifestyle management

When to See Doctor

• Irregular or absent periods
• Early menopause symptoms

Hormonal or vascular disorders can cause erectile dysfunction or infertility.

Symptoms

• Low libido
• Erectile dysfunction

Treatment

• Hormone replacement
• Medications

When to See Doctor

• Persistent sexual dysfunction

Electrolyte imbalance affects sodium, potassium and fluid balance.

Symptoms

• Confusion
• Weakness
• Cardiac rhythm issues

When to See Doctor

• Severe weakness
• Altered consciousness

These include inherited hormonal syndromes such as MEN syndromes and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

When to See Doctor

• Family history of endocrine tumors

Hormonal disorders like hyperparathyroidism can cause repeated kidney stones.

Symptoms

• Severe flank pain
• Blood in urine

When to See Doctor

• Repeated kidney stones

Overview

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder where blood glucose levels become elevated due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Long-standing uncontrolled diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

Classification

• Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells. Usually occurs in children and young adults and requires lifelong insulin therapy.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Most common form. Caused by insulin resistance combined with reduced insulin secretion. Strongly associated with obesity and genetic factors.
• Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes occurring during pregnancy due to hormonal changes causing insulin resistance.
• MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young): Rare genetic diabetes caused by single gene mutations. Usually presents at a young age and may not require insulin.
• Type 5 Diabetes (Pancreatogenic Diabetes): Caused by pancreatic diseases such as chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery.

Symptoms

• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue

Causes

• Autoimmune destruction (Type 1)
• Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
• Genetic predisposition
• Pancreatic diseases

Optimum Investigation Levels

• Fasting Blood Sugar: <100 mg/dL
• Post Meal Blood Sugar: <140 mg/dL
• HbA1c: <5.7%

Treatment

• Diet modification
• Regular exercise
• Oral anti-diabetic drugs
• Insulin therapy
• Continuous glucose monitoring

When to See Doctor

• Persistent high blood sugar
• Frequent infections
• Sudden weight loss

Overview

The thyroid gland regulates metabolism, heart rate, temperature control and energy production. Thyroid disorders occur when hormone production becomes excessive or insufficient.

Classification

• Hypothyroidism: Reduced thyroid hormone production causing slow metabolism. Common causes include autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine deficiency.
• Hyperthyroidism: Excess thyroid hormone production leading to increased metabolism, commonly caused by Graves’ disease.
• Thyroid Nodules: Abnormal growths in thyroid gland which may be benign or malignant.
• Thyroid Cancer: Malignant tumor arising from thyroid tissue.

Symptoms

• Weight gain or loss
• Hair loss
• Palpitations
• Heat or cold intolerance
• Neck swelling

Causes

• Autoimmune disorders
• Iodine imbalance
• Tumors or nodules

Optimum Investigation Levels

• TSH: 0.4 – 4.0 mIU/L
• Free T4: 0.8 – 1.8 ng/dL

Treatment

• Thyroxine hormone replacement
• Anti-thyroid drugs
• Radioiodine therapy
• Surgery

When to See Doctor

• Persistent fatigue
• Neck swelling
• Palpitations

Overview

Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess body fat accumulation that increases the risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and hormonal imbalance.

Classification

• Class I: BMI 30 – 34.9
• Class II: BMI 35 – 39.9
• Class III: BMI ≥ 40 (Severe obesity)

Symptoms

• Excess body weight
• Breathlessness
• Joint pain

Causes

• Sedentary lifestyle
• Genetics
• Hormonal disorders

Optimum Investigation Levels

• Ideal BMI: 18.5 – 24.9
• Waist circumference: <90 cm men, <80 cm women

Treatment

• Diet therapy
• Exercise programs
• Weight loss medications
• Bariatric surgery

When to See Doctor

• Rapid weight gain
• Obesity with diabetes or hypertension

Overview

The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland that controls hormone production in multiple organs including thyroid, adrenal glands, and reproductive glands.

Classification

• Pituitary Tumors: Benign tumors causing hormone overproduction or compression symptoms.
• Hormone Deficiency Disorders: Reduced secretion of growth hormone, ACTH or other hormones.
• Hormone Excess Disorders: Includes acromegaly and Cushing disease.

Symptoms

• Headache
• Vision disturbance
• Growth abnormalities
• Menstrual irregularities

Causes

• Benign tumors
• Genetic syndromes
• Brain injury

Optimum Investigation

• Hormone profile testing
• MRI brain imaging

Treatment

• Medication therapy
• Endoscopic pituitary surgery
• Radiotherapy

When to See Doctor

• Persistent headache with visual symptoms
• Unusual growth changes

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder where blood glucose levels remain elevated due to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Classification

• Type 1 Diabetes – Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells.
• Type 2 Diabetes – Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.
• Gestational Diabetes – Occurs during pregnancy.
• MODY – Genetic diabetes occurring in young adults.
• Type 5 Diabetes – Associated with chronic pancreatic damage.

Symptoms

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Causes

• Autoimmune disease
• Obesity
• Genetic mutations

Optimum Investigation Levels

• Fasting glucose: <100 mg/dL
• HbA1c: <5.7%

Treatment

• Lifestyle changes
• Oral medications
• Insulin therapy

When to See Doctor

• Persistent high blood sugar
• Unexplained weight loss

Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body cannot produce insulin.

What Happens?

The immune system attacks insulin-producing cells, keeping glucose in the blood instead of body cells.

Who Gets It?

• Children, teenagers, or young adults
• Can occur at any age

Symptoms

• Frequent urination
• Excess thirst
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision

Optimum Investigation Values

• Fasting glucose: Below 100 mg/dL
• HbA1c: Below 5.7%
• Random glucose: Below 140 mg/dL

Treatment

• Insulin injections
• Healthy diet
• Exercise
• Blood sugar monitoring

When to See Doctor

• Sudden weight loss
• Persistent high sugar readings
• Signs of diabetic ketoacidosis

Type 2 Diabetes occurs when the body does not use insulin properly or does not produce enough insulin.

Who Gets It?

• Adults above 30 years
• Obese individuals
• Family history of diabetes
• Physically inactive

Symptoms

• Slow wound healing
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision

Treatment

• Lifestyle changes
• Oral medications
• Insulin if required

When to See Doctor

• Persistent fatigue
• High blood sugar during routine tests

Occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal insulin resistance.

Investigation

• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• Fasting glucose monitoring

Treatment

• Diet control
• Exercise
• Insulin if required

When to See Doctor

• Abnormal glucose test during pregnancy
• Excess fetal growth

MODY is inherited diabetes due to gene mutation affecting insulin secretion.

Investigation

• Genetic testing
• Blood glucose monitoring

Treatment

• Oral medications in some types
• Sometimes insulin

When to See Doctor

• Young patients with strong family history